Since 1859 the French astronomer Leverrier UJJ, which was already 'famous for the discovery of Neptune, set out to develop a global theory of motion of all planets. During the research is 'facing a difficulty' capable of challenging the Newtonian law of gravitation. The axis of the ellipse traced by Mercury around the sun seemed to move at a speed 'wrong. As he had already 'calculated by Kepler, Newton and confirmed, the planets revolve around the sun along elliptical trajectories, provided, however,' that in the calculation you have only one planet at a time. If you consider the forces exerted by other planets on each of them, you notice that the motion is' upset and that the orbital ellipse does not remain fixed, but slowly rotates around the sun (perihelion precession). Since 'actions pertutbatrici (sorry if I change my background but the terminology does not allow me too many literary repetition, even if they are due or necessary) depend on the masses of the planets, you can' have a complete picture of all the observed precessions. And just so I dedicate Leverrier 'more' than ten years. Eventually we succeeded, 'calculation' and correct all the masses' the processions, but it was one exception and that means' the planet more 'close to the sun, Mercury, sembrave precede slightly more 'in a hurry. It remained to justify an additional precession of about 38 arc seconds per century. Although 'small in absolute terms, the discrepancy had very significant consequences. For some time I hope Leverrier 'to solve this dilemma with the hypothesis of the existence of another planet even more' close to the Sun than Mercury, but it was not borne out by observation. For over fifty years they failed 'to give a convincing explanation of the excessive precession of the orbit of Mercury.
Einstein (1879/1955) knew that any theory of gravity ', except that Newton would have necessarily involved additional precession of the orbits of the planets, and ALSO knew' that the discrepancy was greater for Mercury, as being close to the star, would have been affected by the space-time distortion. He added 'Finally, to calculate how the mass of the Sun is able to deform the surrounding space-cronogeometria. AE had often compared the nature of the Sphinx, which poses questions to the man without ever giving the answers. In this case, however, 'it had spoken to him, saying: "The idea that the mass-energy deforms the geometry of spacetime explains everything' that until now seemed inexplicable." I suppose that the scientist had to think that, as in "Time discovers truth '" by Giambattista Tiepolo, relativity' General had raised the hem of the great veil. But now
we must go back a few steps. How
leaders 'immediately Planck, relativity' and restricted the elasticity 'of time (centuries-old concept of a rout of the time) are comparable in breadth and depth' to the Copernican revolution. Bergson, who had set his whole philosophy on the time duration, as a stream, caught in its immediacy as a scroll, he found already 'in 1911 that the time was opposed to Einsteinian core concept of his philosophical doctrine. Bergson effort 'to understand the existential sense of modern physics, and this' admirable but, despite the respect due to this thinker, the contents of his book "Time and simultaneity 'and' intellectually disappointing.
Now let's see how M. Proust (1871/1922), unlike his cousin (they were really cousins, not so 'to speak) Bergson had very similar ideas about time, albeit in forms and with different methodologies, those of Einstein. His work "In Search of Lost Time", contrary to what one might infer from the title, and 'with the idea that the passage of time is an illusion and that, from time to time, man has access to 'permanent essence of things. All research culminates in the last book "Time Regained" when Proust explains his philosophy to a matinee at the Palace of the Prince de Guermantes. Describes the men as if they were perched on stilts years, growing constantly, sometimes more 'high steeples. In essence, the writer has a vision of reality 'in which time is added to space, in a sort of vertical dimension, where the flow of time and' removed and the true 'I' can enjoy the ceaseless adoration of reality '. This conception of a Proustian time still to be added to the space in a new vertical dimension, not 'far from the relativistic concept of spacetime.
The inconsistency between the thought of Bergson and Einstein's theories can be explained simply by remembering that the philosophy and 'abnormal science, that' although it is a science to all intents and purposes, is based solely on the interpretation of the world of the thinker, without that these should necessarily be based on observations and demonstrations. Sometimes I'm not a little surprised to see that prominent scientists and physicists, relativity nell'apprestarsi to introduce 'small, have used the term "Newton dethroned." He smiled tenderly held that the genius of this kind, out of the ordinary, where the common understanding spingentisi not dare come in, like falling into banality '. In fact, any scientist who reaches a breakthrough and 'always the result of the conquests and acquisitions that have come his predecessors, even if their findings turn out to be erroneous. After this lecture, perhaps unnecessary, Let's go in the "secret things". If you do not have any concept of physics, astronomy, cosmology, history of the evolution of scientific thought, stop reading, do not go well. Der Schritt
OR STEP DISCONTINUITY O 'basic conceptual.
The key point of relativity 'restricted' that Einstein rejected the Newtonian concepts of absolute space and time, but how do you put them? Li now refuses a priori assumption, with Leibniz, their pure relativity '? No, he proceeds in a piecemeal manner. He begins by admitting the existence of a system of reference at rest in which the concepts of space in the sense of Euclidean geometry and Newtonian in the sense of time, are valid. Concedes that in such a system, Newton's laws of motion are correct, and that light will propagate to its speed '. On this point all the physicists of the time are in agreement. At this point, Einstein says that to give a clear sense of observation of the concept of time within the system, you have to put a clock at every point that it only measures the time of the place where it is. Clocks must be synchronized with each other using pulses of light and note the speed 'of light. So far nothing new. The newness' of the approach comes at a time when pre-admits' rigorous for all the laws of physics, the principle of relativity '. Because it is 'given as a physical law in a reference system at rest the light propagates at a speed' fixed, regardless of speed 'and the direction of its source, relativity' involves first all that light must 'always propagate at the same speed' fixed in all frames of reference in uniform motion. Here the physical age begin to argue, "It 's absurd! The law of the addition of velocity' implies that the speed 'of light in a reference system in motion should be the sum of its speed' within the system at rest and that the system itself. " Einstein replied that the law of the addition of velocity 'is based on implicit assumptions that have no a priori reason to be true. Remember the classic example of the ship with the butterflies in the hold and they (the butterflies and the vessel) motion with respect to the quay. First it must be assumed that the distance of two meters walked the butterfly in the hold is the same view at a distance of two meters from the dock. But above all it must be assumed that the duration, say one second, lived in the hold, is equivalent to a life lived on the same platform and, finally, that the hold and the platform can be considered "at the same time", namely that the notion of simultaneity 'is the same everywhere. Now, Einstein says that there is no a priori reason why 'a line that measures one meter when it is quiet in view, necessary measures should be seen when a meter is running. Similarly, a clock that measures the amount of a second when it is at rest, has no a priori reason to measure the same interval when in motion. Einstein sends shattered secular beliefs on space and time and arrive at a series of mathematical formulas (which we omit here) between the spatial and temporal coordinates of a single event, as it has been observed in a reference system at rest or in uniform motion. These formulas were already 'written by others (Lorentz, Poincare') but that 'it matters little because' these equations with Einstein assumed a completely new value. In fact, no one had ever questioned the space and absolute time of Newton. After obtaining the equations relating the spatial and temporal coordinates of the same event observed in two different frames of reference, Einstein derived a modified form taken by the law of the addition of speed ' in the new theory. Finally shows that adding any speed 'to speed' of light you always get the same speed '(300000km / s). The circle and 'closed.
Now, if you've followed my advice and you kept reading, I urge you to reflect on the fact that from here on the obscurity 'and complexity' of concepts, the difficulty in 'understanding and use of terminology , quantity 'of information, mathematical and physical astronomy, will increase exponentially!
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